Cardiomyopathy in chronic kidney disease: clinical features, biomarkers and the contribution of murine models in understanding pathophysiology

ABSTRACT The cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) is described as a multi-organ disease encompassing bidirectionally heart and kidney. In CRS type 4, chronic kidney (CKD) leads to cardiac injury. Different pathological mechanisms have been identified contribute the establishment of CKD-induced cardiomyopathy, including neurohormonal dysregulation, disturbances in mineral metabolism an accumulation uremic toxins, playing important role development inflammation oxidative stress. Combined, this dysfunction pathophysiological morphological changes, like left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial fibrosis electrical changes. Given that around 80% dialysis patients suffer from study outcomes CKD clinically highly relevant. present review summarizes clinical features biomarkers cardiomyopathy discusses underlying recently uncovered literature. It discloses how animal models contributed understanding kidney–heart crosstalk, but also provides insights into variability observed effects on different mouse models, covering both “single hit” well “multifactorial models. Overall, aims support research progress field cardiomyopathy.